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To date, the claimed clinical adverse effects on male fertility are largely based on the results from studies assessing the relationship between urinary BPA concentration and conventional semen parameters. (D) Detection of relative protein expression of APOA1 in TM3 cells. Following a nutritious diet and healthy lifestyle using some of the tips outlined above can help optimize testosterone levels and promote overall health. Research suggests that excessive alcohol consumption can decrease testosterone levels.
Research often highlights the dangers of long-term stress, which can elevate levels of the hormone cortisol. You may be able to increase your levels naturally by lifting weights and getting more of certain nutrients. The results of this validation method confirmed that there is a transfer of BPA from blood to seminal plasma through blood–testis barrier, as previously indicated in in vitro studies. In particular, concentrations were measured with different methods, introducing potential biases in the analysis and consequently affecting clinical significance. In fact, all studies reviewed in this article have sampling biases as they analyse men exposed to BPA but with no proven fertility , young men not exposed to BPA and with no proven fertility and fertile men from the general population exposed to BPA .
Therefore, the adverse effect is more severe in rats, specifically the male reproductive system, proven by the disturbance of reproductive hormone, gene, and protein expression in steroidogenesis and reduced sperm quality. Furthermore, the same study also found no association between BPA in the urine of the male children with SHBG, inhibin B, and the free and total testosterone levels in the serum . Meanwhile, a study by Lassen et al. found that increased BPA concentration in the urine significantly increased the total and free testosterone, LH, and E2 levels in the serum of the population of young men in Denmark . A study by Bai et al. found that perinatal exposure to BPA at a dose of 2 µg/kg/bw increased the GnRH neuron in the brain, leading to an increase in LH levels in the blood of male rat offspring. Hence, this review was performed to connect the HPG axis, testicular steroidogenesis, and spermatogenesis outcomes after exposure to BPA and its analogues, leading to male reproductive toxicity
In contrast, some studies comparing fertile men with infertile men have shown no association between BPA exposure and infertility. Regarding occupational exposure, three studies have been conducted in Chinese populations. Limited and inconsistent evidence is currently available regarding the effect of BPA exposure on human male fertility.
BPA is an endocrine disruptor that can negatively affect the male reproductive system by altering endocrine functions through various pathways (15, 16). Taken together, these results suggest that BPA upregulates APOA1 expression, enhances RCT, and ultimately reduces TC and FC levels in the testis. Furthermore, BPA markedly enhanced Apoa1 mRNA and protein expression in the mouse model. Conversely, testicular high-density lipoprotein (HDL) content was partially elevated. Adult male mice were treated by intraperitoneal injection of corn oil containing BPA (20 mg/kg) for 7 days.
This study found a significant association between a high concentration of BPA in the urine and a low level of total testosterone in the serum of male adolescents only . Most human studies have shown an association between the presence of BPA and its analogues in biological samples, such as urine and serum, with male sexual hormones and its effects on spermatogenesis outcomes, such as sperm characteristics parameters. However, to the best of our knowledge, the number of human studies on the effects of BPA analogues on the male reproductive system focusing on the HPG axis is still limited. Human epidemiology findings show a strengthened impact of BPA on the male reproductive system, involving the sexual hormones and sperm characteristics, through in vivo and in vitro studies.
In an in vivo study by Jin and colleagues, low dosages of BPA were given to rats via oral administration; results show an impairment of spermatogenesis caused by the reduction of reproductive hormones serum level (FSH, LH, GnRH) and stopping germ cells meiosis process, thus activating the apoptosis pathway in germ cells . In addition, testes of male rats exposed to BPAF exhibited increased protein levels of genes involved in steroidogenesis (P450scc and StAR) compared to those in the control group . Contrary, female rats treated with Bisphenol AF (1,1,1,3,3,3-hexafluoro-2,2-bis(4-hydroxyphenyl) propane, BPAF), an analogue of BPA, during gestational and lactation period showed a significant increase of testosterone levels and significant decrease of inhibin B (INHB) levels in offspring’s testis .

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