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Peptide KPV, also known as lysine-proline-valine, is a short tripeptide that has attracted considerable interest in the fields of inflammation research, neurobiology, and tissue engineering due to its unique anti-inflammatory properties and ability to modulate cellular signaling pathways. The sequence is straightforward yet potent: L-lysine followed by L-proline and ending with L-valine. Its small size allows for easy synthesis through solid-phase peptide synthesis techniques, making it accessible for laboratory studies and potential therapeutic development.



Key Features of Peptide KPV



Solubility Profile
KPV is moderately soluble in aqueous buffers at neutral pH but tends to aggregate when concentrations exceed 1 millimolar unless an appropriate solvent system or stabilizing excipient is added. Common practice involves dissolving the peptide first in dimethyl sulfoxide or a small volume of ethanol, then diluting into phosphate-buffered saline to reach the desired working concentration.



Therapeutic Potential
Preclinical studies have demonstrated that KPV can inhibit neutrophil recruitment and reduce cytokine production in models of acute lung injury and inflammatory bowel disease. Its mechanism appears linked to interference with the chemokine receptor CXCR2 pathway, thereby dampening the downstream activation of NF-κB signaling.



Stability Considerations
The presence of proline confers some resistance against proteolytic cleavage, yet the peptide remains susceptible to peptidases such as aminopeptidase N. Incorporation of D-amino acids or cyclization can improve metabolic stability for in vivo applications.



Peptide Reconstitution Calculator



When preparing stock solutions of KPV, precise molarity is essential for reproducibility. The following calculator steps guide you through the process:





Determine Desired Concentration


Decide on the final concentration required for your assay (e.g., 10 micromolar).



Calculate Molecular Weight


Lysine (146.19 g/mol) + Proline (115.13 g/mol) + Valine (117.15 g/mol) = 378.47 g/mol.
Add a water molecule for the peptide bond formation, yielding approximately 376.45 g/mol after accounting for loss of H2O during synthesis.





Compute Required Mass


Use the formula:
mass (mg) = concentration (µM) × volume (mL) × molecular weight (g/mol) ÷ 1000.
For a 1 mL stock at 10 µM:
mass = 10 × 1 × 376.45 ÷ 1000 = 3.76 mg.





Weigh the Peptide


Accurately weigh the calculated amount using an analytical balance.



Dissolve in Solvent


Add a small aliquot of dimethyl sulfoxide (e.g., 50 µL) to dissolve the peptide completely, then add deionized water or buffer to reach 1 mL total volume.



Verify pH and Concentration


Measure the pH; it should be close to neutral. Use UV absorbance at 280 nm if an aromatic residue is present, otherwise rely on weight-based calculations.



Store Appropriately


Aliquot the stock into small volumes (e.g., 100 µL) and freeze at –80°C to avoid repeated freeze-thaw cycles that can degrade the peptide.

Quick Reference





Sequence: Lysine-Proline-Valine


Molecular Weight: ~376.45 g/mol


Optimal Solvent for Reconstitution: Dimethyl sulfoxide or ethanol followed by dilution into aqueous buffer


Recommended Working Concentration Range: 1 µM to 100 µM for cellular assays; higher concentrations may require solubilizing agents


Storage Conditions: Store aliquots at –80°C, protect from light


Stability Enhancements: D-amino acid substitution, N-terminal acetylation, C-terminal amidation, or cyclization


Common Applications:


- Inhibition of neutrophil migration in vitro
- Modulation of cytokine release in macrophage cultures
- Protective agent in models of acute lung injury
- Potential scaffold component in tissue engineering matrices



By following the reconstitution calculator and adhering to the quick reference guidelines, researchers can reliably prepare high-quality KPV solutions for their experimental needs.

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